Journey from “Cellular Trash Bag”to the Savior of Theranostics: Exosomes
Journey from “Cellular Trash Bag”to the Savior of Theranostics: Exosomes
Journey from “Cellular Trash Bag”to the Savior of Theranostics: Exosomes
Journey from “Cellular Trash Bag”to the Savior of Theranostics: Exosomes
Journey from “Cellular Trash Bag”to the Savior of Theranostics: Exosomes
Journey from “Cellular Trash Bag”to the Savior of Theranostics: Exosomes
Discovery and Naming Exosomes
Discovery and
Naming Exosomes
Cancer
Discovery of Microvesicles:
The initial understanding of extracellular vesicles began with the discovery of microvesicles, also known as shedding vesicles or ectosomes. In the late 20th century, researchers observed the release of small vesicles from cells during processes such as platelet activation and reticulocyte maturation. These vesicles were believed to be artifacts or debris resulting from cellular processes.
Naming Exosomes:
Exosomes were named by Rose Johnstone and her colleagues in 1983 when they observed the release of small vesicles from sheep reticulocytes. The term "exosome" was chosen to differentiate these vesicles from other extracellular vesicles. The prefix "exo-" refers to their origin from within the cell, as opposed to vesicles formed by outward budding of the plasma membrane. The suffix "-some" denotes their vesicular nature.
Discovery of Microvesicles:
The initial understanding of extracellular vesicles began with the discovery of microvesicles, also known as shedding vesicles or ectosomes. In the late 20th century, researchers observed the release of small vesicles from cells during processes such as platelet activation and reticulocyte maturation. These vesicles were believed to be artifacts or debris resulting from cellular processes.
Naming Exosomes:
Exosomes were named by Rose Johnstone and her colleagues in 1983 when they observed the release of small vesicles from sheep reticulocytes. The term "exosome" was chosen to differentiate these vesicles from other extracellular vesicles. The prefix "exo-" refers to their origin from within the cell, as opposed to vesicles formed by outward budding of the plasma membrane. The suffix "-some" denotes their vesicular nature.
Understanding the Role of Exosome in Intercellular Communication
Cargo Transfer
Cargo Transfer
Exosomes carry a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA), lipids, and metabolites.
Exosomes carry a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA), lipids, and metabolites.
Sensitivity
Genetic Material
Transfer
Genetic Material
Transfer
Exosomes can transport different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and other regulatory RNA species.
Exosomes can transport different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and other regulatory RNA species.
Exosomes can transport different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and other regulatory RNA species.
Exosomes can transport different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and other regulatory RNA species.
Real-Time
Monitoring
Signaling and
Cellular Responses
Signaling and
Cellular Responses
Exosomes serve as vehicles for intercellular signaling, allowing cells to communicate and respond to their microenvironment. The cargo carried by exosomes can activate signaling pathways in recipient cells, triggering specific cellular responses.
Exosomes serve as vehicles for intercellular signaling, allowing cells to communicate and respond to their microenvironment. The cargo carried by exosomes can activate signaling pathways in recipient cells, triggering specific cellular responses.
Versatility
Disease
Pathogenesis
Disease
Pathogenesis
Dysregulation of exosome-mediated intercellular communication has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases.
Dysregulation of exosome-mediated intercellular communication has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases.
High Precision
Potential of Exosomes in Biomedical Applications
Potential of Exosomes in Biomedical Applications
Disease Biomarkers:
Exosomes carry biomolecules that reflect their cell of origin, making them valuable for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Analysis of exosomal biomarkers in body fluids provides information on disease status, prognosis, and treatment response.Therapeutic Delivery:
Exosomes can be engineered as nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutics, including drugs, RNA, or gene-editing tools. They possess biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross biological barriers, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects.Regenerative Medicine:
Exosomes derived from stem cells promote tissue repair and regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. They have applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and treatment of degenerative conditions.Immunotherapy:
Exosomes derived from immune cells can modulate immune responses and be loaded with antigens or immune stimulatory molecules for immunotherapy. They hold promise in cancer immunotherapy, vaccination strategies, and immune modulation in autoimmune diseases.Disease Biomarkers:
Exosomes carry biomolecules that reflect their cell of origin, making them valuable for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Analysis of exosomal biomarkers in body fluids provides information on disease status, prognosis, and treatment response.Therapeutic Delivery:
Exosomes can be engineered as nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutics, including drugs, RNA, or gene-editing tools. They possess biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross biological barriers, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects.Regenerative Medicine:
Exosomes derived from stem cells promote tissue repair and regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. They have applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and treatment of degenerative conditions.Immunotherapy:
Exosomes derived from immune cells can modulate immune responses and be loaded with antigens or immune stimulatory molecules for immunotherapy. They hold promise in cancer immunotherapy, vaccination strategies, and immune modulation in autoimmune diseases.Disease Biomarkers:
Exosomes carry biomolecules that reflect their cell of origin, making them valuable for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Analysis of exosomal biomarkers in body fluids provides information on disease status, prognosis, and treatment response.Therapeutic Delivery:
Exosomes can be engineered as nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutics, including drugs, RNA, or gene-editing tools. They possess biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross biological barriers, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects.Regenerative Medicine:
Exosomes derived from stem cells promote tissue repair and regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. They have applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and treatment of degenerative conditions.Immunotherapy:
Exosomes derived from immune cells can modulate immune responses and be loaded with antigens or immune stimulatory molecules for immunotherapy. They hold promise in cancer immunotherapy, vaccination strategies, and immune modulation in autoimmune diseases.Disease Biomarkers:
Exosomes carry biomolecules that reflect their cell of origin, making them valuable for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Analysis of exosomal biomarkers in body fluids provides information on disease status, prognosis, and treatment response.Therapeutic Delivery:
Exosomes can be engineered as nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutics, including drugs, RNA, or gene-editing tools. They possess biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross biological barriers, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects.Regenerative Medicine:
Exosomes derived from stem cells promote tissue repair and regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. They have applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and treatment of degenerative conditions.Immunotherapy:
Exosomes derived from immune cells can modulate immune responses and be loaded with antigens or immune stimulatory molecules for immunotherapy. They hold promise in cancer immunotherapy, vaccination strategies, and immune modulation in autoimmune diseases.